Danger

This is a “Hazardous Materials” module. You should ONLY use it if you’re 100% absolutely sure that you know what you’re doing because this module is full of land mines, dragons, and dinosaurs with laser guns.

Message digests (Hashing)

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.Hash(algorithm)

A cryptographic hash function takes an arbitrary block of data and calculates a fixed-size bit string (a digest), such that different data results (with a high probability) in different digests.

This is an implementation of HashContext meant to be used with HashAlgorithm implementations to provide an incremental interface to calculating various message digests.

>>> from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
>>> digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256())
>>> digest.update(b"abc")
>>> digest.update(b"123")
>>> digest.finalize()
b'l\xa1=R\xcap\xc8\x83\xe0\xf0\xbb\x10\x1eBZ\x89\xe8bM\xe5\x1d\xb2\xd29%\x93\xafj\x84\x11\x80\x90'

Keep in mind that attacks against cryptographic hashes only get stronger with time, and that often algorithms that were once thought to be strong, become broken. Because of this it’s important to include a plan for upgrading the hash algorithm you use over time. For more information, see Lifetimes of cryptographic hash functions.

Parameters

algorithm – A HashAlgorithm instance such as those described in below.

Raises

cryptography.exceptions.UnsupportedAlgorithm – This is raised if the provided algorithm is unsupported.

update(data)

Parameters

data (bytes) – The bytes to be hashed.

Raises

• cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized – See finalize().

• TypeError – This exception is raised if data is not bytes.

copy()

Copy this Hash instance, usually so that you may call finalize() to get an intermediate digest value while we continue to call update() on the original instance.

Returns

A new instance of Hash that can be updated and finalized independently of the original instance.

Raises

cryptography.exceptions.AlreadyFinalized – See finalize().

finalize()

Finalize the current context and return the message digest as bytes.

After finalize has been called this object can no longer be used and update(), copy(), and finalize() will raise an AlreadyFinalized exception.

Return bytes

The message digest as bytes.

SHA-2 family

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA224

SHA-224 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 224-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA256

SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 256-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA384

SHA-384 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 384-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA512

SHA-512 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 512-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA512_224

New in version 2.5.

SHA-512/224 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 224-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA512_256

New in version 2.5.

SHA-512/256 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-2 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 256-bit message digest.

BLAKE2

BLAKE2 is a cryptographic hash function specified in RFC 7693. BLAKE2’s design makes it immune to length-extension attacks, an advantage over the SHA-family of hashes.

Note

While the RFC specifies keying, personalization, and salting features, these are not supported at this time due to limitations in OpenSSL 1.1.0.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.BLAKE2b(digest_size)

BLAKE2b is optimized for 64-bit platforms and produces an 1 to 64-byte message digest.

Parameters

digest_size (int) – The desired size of the hash output in bytes. Only 64 is supported at this time.

Raises

ValueError – If the digest_size is invalid.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.BLAKE2s(digest_size)

BLAKE2s is optimized for 8 to 32-bit platforms and produces a 1 to 32-byte message digest.

Parameters

digest_size (int) – The desired size of the hash output in bytes. Only 32 is supported at this time.

Raises

ValueError – If the digest_size is invalid.

SHA-3 family

SHA-3 is the most recent NIST secure hash algorithm standard. Despite the larger number SHA-3 is not considered to be better than SHA-2. Instead, it uses a significantly different internal structure so that if an attack appears against SHA-2 it is unlikely to apply to SHA-3. SHA-3 is significantly slower than SHA-2 so at this time most users should choose SHA-2.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA3_224

New in version 2.5.

SHA3/224 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-3 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 224-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA3_256

New in version 2.5.

SHA3/256 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-3 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 256-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA3_384

New in version 2.5.

SHA3/384 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-3 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 384-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA3_512

New in version 2.5.

SHA3/512 is a cryptographic hash function from the SHA-3 family and is standardized by NIST. It produces a 512-bit message digest.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHAKE128(digest_size)

New in version 2.5.

SHAKE128 is an extendable output function (XOF) based on the same core permutations as SHA3. It allows the caller to obtain an arbitrarily long digest length. Longer lengths, however, do not increase security or collision resistance and lengths shorter than 128 bit (16 bytes) will decrease it.

Parameters

digest_size (int) – The length of output desired. Must be greater than zero.

Raises

ValueError – If the digest_size is invalid.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHAKE256(digest_size)

New in version 2.5.

SHAKE256 is an extendable output function (XOF) based on the same core permutations as SHA3. It allows the caller to obtain an arbitrarily long digest length. Longer lengths, however, do not increase security or collision resistance and lengths shorter than 256 bit (32 bytes) will decrease it.

Parameters

digest_size (int) – The length of output desired. Must be greater than zero.

Raises

ValueError – If the digest_size is invalid.

SHA-1

Warning

SHA-1 is a deprecated hash algorithm that has practical known collision attacks. You are strongly discouraged from using it. Existing applications should strongly consider moving away.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SHA1

SHA-1 is a cryptographic hash function standardized by NIST. It produces an 160-bit message digest. Cryptanalysis of SHA-1 has demonstrated that it is vulnerable to practical collision attacks, and collisions have been demonstrated.

MD5

Warning

MD5 is a deprecated hash algorithm that has practical known collision attacks. You are strongly discouraged from using it. Existing applications should strongly consider moving away.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.MD5

MD5 is a deprecated cryptographic hash function. It produces a 128-bit message digest and has practical known collision attacks.

SM3

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.SM3

New in version 35.0.0.

SM3 is a cryptographic hash function standardized by the Chinese National Cryptography Administration in GM/T 0004-2012. It produces 256-bit message digests. (An English description is available at draft-oscca-cfrg-sm3-02.) This hash should be used for compatibility purposes where required and is not otherwise recommended for use.

Interfaces

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashAlgorithm

name

Type

str

The standard name for the hash algorithm, for example: "sha256" or "blake2b".

digest_size

Type

int

The size of the resulting digest in bytes.

class cryptography.hazmat.primitives.hashes.HashContext

algorithm

A HashAlgorithm that will be used by this context.

update(data)

Parameters

data (bytes) – The data you want to hash.

finalize()

Returns

The final digest as bytes.

copy()

Returns

A HashContext that is a copy of the current context.