Welcome to pyca/cryptography
cryptography
includes both high level recipes and low level interfaces to
common cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric ciphers, message digests, and
key derivation functions. For example, to encrypt something with
cryptography
’s high level symmetric encryption recipe:
>>> from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
>>> # Put this somewhere safe!
>>> key = Fernet.generate_key()
>>> f = Fernet(key)
>>> token = f.encrypt(b"A really secret message. Not for prying eyes.")
>>> token
b'...'
>>> f.decrypt(token)
b'A really secret message. Not for prying eyes.'
If you are interested in learning more about the field of cryptography, we recommend Crypto 101, by Laurens Van Houtven and The Cryptopals Crypto Challenges.
Installation
You can install cryptography
with pip
:
$ pip install cryptography
See Installation for more information.
Layout
cryptography
is broadly divided into two levels. One with safe
cryptographic recipes that require little to no configuration choices. These
are safe and easy to use and don’t require developers to make many decisions.
The other level is low-level cryptographic primitives. These are often
dangerous and can be used incorrectly. They require making decisions and having
an in-depth knowledge of the cryptographic concepts at work. Because of the
potential danger in working at this level, this is referred to as the
“hazardous materials” or “hazmat” layer. These live in the
cryptography.hazmat
package, and their documentation will always contain an
admonition at the top.
We recommend using the recipes layer whenever possible, and falling back to the hazmat layer only when necessary.
- Installation
- Changelog
- 44.0.0 - 2024-11-27
- 43.0.3 - 2024-10-18
- 43.0.2 - 2024-10-18
- 43.0.1 - 2024-09-03
- 43.0.0 - 2024-07-20
- 42.0.8 - 2024-06-04
- 42.0.7 - 2024-05-06
- 42.0.6 - 2024-05-04
- 42.0.5 - 2024-02-23
- 42.0.4 - 2024-02-20
- 42.0.3 - 2024-02-15
- 42.0.2 - 2024-01-30
- 42.0.1 - 2024-01-24
- 42.0.0 - 2024-01-22
- 41.0.7 - 2023-11-27
- 41.0.6 - 2023-11-27
- 41.0.5 - 2023-10-24
- 41.0.4 - 2023-09-19
- 41.0.3 - 2023-08-01
- 41.0.2 - 2023-07-10
- 41.0.1 - 2023-06-01
- 41.0.0 - 2023-05-30
- 40.0.2 - 2023-04-14
- 40.0.1 - 2023-03-24
- 40.0.0 - 2023-03-24
- 39.0.2 - 2023-03-02
- 39.0.1 - 2023-02-07
- 39.0.0 - 2023-01-01
- 38.0.4 - 2022-11-27
- 38.0.3 - 2022-11-01
- 38.0.2 - 2022-10-11 (YANKED)
- 38.0.1 - 2022-09-07
- 38.0.0 - 2022-09-06
- 37.0.4 - 2022-07-05
- 37.0.3 - 2022-06-21 (YANKED)
- 37.0.2 - 2022-05-03
- 37.0.1 - 2022-04-27
- 37.0.0 - 2022-04-26
- 36.0.2 - 2022-03-15
- 36.0.1 - 2021-12-14
- 36.0.0 - 2021-11-21
- 35.0.0 - 2021-09-29
- 3.4.8 - 2021-08-24
- 3.4.7 - 2021-03-25
- 3.4.6 - 2021-02-16
- 3.4.5 - 2021-02-13
- 3.4.4 - 2021-02-09
- 3.4.3 - 2021-02-08
- 3.4.2 - 2021-02-08
- 3.4.1 - 2021-02-07
- 3.4 - 2021-02-07
- 3.3.2 - 2021-02-07
- 3.3.1 - 2020-12-09
- 3.3 - 2020-12-08
- 3.2.1 - 2020-10-27
- 3.2 - 2020-10-25
- 3.1.1 - 2020-09-22
- 3.1 - 2020-08-26
- 3.0 - 2020-07-20
- 2.9.2 - 2020-04-22
- 2.9.1 - 2020-04-21
- 2.9 - 2020-04-02
- 2.8 - 2019-10-16
- 2.7 - 2019-05-30
- 2.6.1 - 2019-02-27
- 2.6 - 2019-02-27
- 2.5 - 2019-01-22
- 2.4.2 - 2018-11-21
- 2.4.1 - 2018-11-11
- 2.4 - 2018-11-11
- 2.3.1 - 2018-08-14
- 2.3 - 2018-07-18
- 2.2.2 - 2018-03-27
- 2.2.1 - 2018-03-20
- 2.2 - 2018-03-19
- 2.1.4 - 2017-11-29
- 2.1.3 - 2017-11-02
- 2.1.2 - 2017-10-24
- 2.1.1 - 2017-10-12
- 2.1 - 2017-10-11
- 2.0.3 - 2017-08-03
- 2.0.2 - 2017-07-27
- 2.0.1 - 2017-07-26
- 2.0 - 2017-07-17
- 1.9 - 2017-05-29
- 1.8.2 - 2017-05-26
- 1.8.1 - 2017-03-10
- 1.8 - 2017-03-09
- 1.7.2 - 2017-01-27
- 1.7.1 - 2016-12-13
- 1.7 - 2016-12-12
- 1.6 - 2016-11-22
- 1.5.3 - 2016-11-05
- 1.5.2 - 2016-09-26
- 1.5.1 - 2016-09-22
- 1.5 - 2016-08-26
- 1.4 - 2016-06-04
- 1.3.4 - 2016-06-03
- 1.3.3 - 2016-06-02
- 1.3.2 - 2016-05-04
- 1.3.1 - 2016-03-21
- 1.3 - 2016-03-18
- 1.2.3 - 2016-03-01
- 1.2.2 - 2016-01-29
- 1.2.1 - 2016-01-08
- 1.2 - 2016-01-08
- 1.1.2 - 2015-12-10
- 1.1.1 - 2015-11-19
- 1.1 - 2015-10-28
- 1.0.2 - 2015-09-27
- 1.0.1 - 2015-09-05
- 1.0 - 2015-08-12
- 0.9.3 - 2015-07-09
- 0.9.2 - 2015-07-04
- 0.9.1 - 2015-06-06
- 0.9 - 2015-05-13
- 0.8.2 - 2015-04-10
- 0.8.1 - 2015-03-20
- 0.8 - 2015-03-08
- 0.7.2 - 2015-01-16
- 0.7.1 - 2014-12-28
- 0.7 - 2014-12-17
- 0.6.1 - 2014-10-15
- 0.6 - 2014-09-29
- 0.5.4 - 2014-08-20
- 0.5.3 - 2014-08-06
- 0.5.2 - 2014-07-09
- 0.5.1 - 2014-07-07
- 0.5 - 2014-07-07
- 0.4 - 2014-05-03
- 0.3 - 2014-03-27
- 0.2.2 - 2014-03-03
- 0.2.1 - 2014-02-22
- 0.2 - 2014-02-20
- 0.1 - 2014-01-08
- Frequently asked questions
- What issues can you help with in your issue tracker?
- I cannot suppress the deprecation warning that
cryptography
emits on import cryptography
failed to install!- How does
cryptography
compare to NaCl (Networking and Cryptography Library)? - Why use
cryptography
? - Why does
cryptography
require Rust? cryptography
raised anInternalError
and I’m not sure what to do?- Installing cryptography with OpenSSL 0.9.8, 1.0.0, 1.0.1, 1.0.2, 1.1.0 fails
- Installing
cryptography
fails witherror: Can not find Rust compiler
- I’m getting errors installing or importing
cryptography
on AWS Lambda - Why are there no wheels for my Python3.x version?
- Why can’t I import my PEM file?
- What happened to the backend argument?
- Will you upload wheels for my non-x86 non-ARM64 CPU architecture?
- Development
- Use of OpenSSL
- Security
- Known security limitations
- API stability
- Doing a release
- Community
- Glossary
Note
cryptography
has not been subjected to an external audit of its code or
documentation. If you’re interested in discussing an audit please
get in touch.